Constructing a quantification tool of the progress towards the green economy: Aggregation perspective
Abstract
Research background: The transition towards a green economy, seen as a visible alternative to climate change and the need to ensure this opportunity to future generations, is a major challenge for all of the nations of the world, regardless of their status as developed, developing or emergent. In order to highlight the current state or progress towards a green economy, the reports and research of certain institutions, as well as of the academic medium, have focused on identifying the most relevant influencing factors and choosing the quantification methods capable to generate complete and useful interpretations.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of the paper is to construct an instrument that enables to measure the progress of countries in terms of the transition to green economy, where Romania is considered as a case study. In this respect, a composite index (green economy index — GEI) is being proposed, achieved by aggregating some indicators for measuring sustainable development. The method underlying the calculation of the value of the GEI aggregate index allows not only to determine the current state of greening of the economy, but also provides information on the contribution made by each of the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental), as well as by each indicator individually, to this progress.
Methods: Constructing the aggregated index was based on an additive aggregation of three partial indicators: the economic indicator, comprised of 8 individual indicators, the social indicator, comprised of 8 individual indicators, and the social indicator, comprised of 10 individual indicators. The collected data covers the interval of 2010–2021.
Findings & value added: Calculating the Green Economy Index — GEI value for each of the 12 years under analysis has permitted not only the identification of progress regarding the green transition, and the underlying of each indicator’s contribution to this evolution, but has also confirmed the results obtained by similar studies carried out by the GGGI or European Union. We consider, as a result of the selection of certain indicators considered relevant in the economic, social and environmental field, that the newly-formed aggregate index represents an effective tool that can be used to measure progress in terms of achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development goals, by easily adapting to the particularities of other states or regions.
Keywords
green transition, green economy, composite index, sustainable development, aggregation method
References
- Acosta, L. A., Maharjan, P., Peyriere, H., Galotto, L., Mamiit, R. J., Ho, C., Flores, B. H., & Anastasia, O. (2019). Green Growth Index: Concepts, methods and applications. GGGI technical report No. 5, Green Growth Performance Measurement (GGPM) Program. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute.
View in Google Scholar - Acosta, L. A., Nzimenyera, I., Sabado Jr., R., Munezero, R. M., Nantulya, A., Shula, K., Quiñones, S. G .L., Luchtenbelt, H. G. H., Czvetkó, T., Lee, S., & Adams, G. P. (2022). Green Growth Index 2022 – Measuring performance in achieving SDG targets. GGGI technical Report No. 27, Green Growth Performance Measurement Program. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI).
View in Google Scholar - Acosta, L. A., Zabrocki, S., Eugenio, J. R., Sabado Jr., R., Gerrard, S. P., Nazareth, M., & Luchtenbelt, H. G. H. (2020). Green Growth Index 2020 – Measuring performance in achieving SDG targets. GGGI technical report No. 16, Green Growth Performance Measurement Program. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI).
View in Google Scholar - Acosta., L. A., Zabrocki, S., Nzimenyera, I., Sabado Jr., R., Eugenio, J. R., Gerrard, S. P., Luchtenbelt, H. G. H., Lee, S., & Adams, G. P. (2021). Green Growth Index 2021 – Measuring performance in achieving SDG targets. GGGI technical report No. 16, Green Growth Performance Measurement Program. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI).
View in Google Scholar - Adamowicz, M. (2022). Green deal, green growth and green economy as a means of support for attaining the sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 14, 5901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105901
View in Google Scholar - Adarina, R., Gazukina, Y., & Yankovskaya, K. (2019). Indicators of the “green economy” as a tool for monitoring the regional economy. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and environmental science, 395(1), 012107. IOP Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/395/1/012107
View in Google Scholar - Al-Thani, M. J., & Koç, M. (2024). In search of sustainable economy indicators: A comparative analysis between the sustainable development goals index and the green growth index. Sustainability, 16, 1372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041372
View in Google Scholar - Appiah-Kubi, E. (2024). Stakeholder pressure and SMEs sustainability information disclosures: Why perceived benefits and sustainability knowledge matter, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAOC-11-2023-0191
View in Google Scholar - Appiah-Kubi, E., Boateng, R. N., Dogbe, C. S. K., & Kumah, S. P. (2024). Organisational sustainability and SMEs performance: The role of control environment, Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142026
View in Google Scholar - Awan, A., Hussain, K., Zafar, M., Butt, M. J., & Yaghmour, S. (2024). Impact of nations’ green behavior on green growth by considering the moderating role of environmental policy stringency. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-05-2024-0200
View in Google Scholar - Batrancea, L., Pop, M. C., Rathnaswamy, M. M., Batrancea, I., & Rus, M.-I. (2021). An empirical investigation on the transition process toward a green economy. Sustainability, 13(23), 13151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313151
View in Google Scholar - Betts-Davies, S., Barrett, J., Brockway, P., & Norman, J. (2024). Is all inequality reduction equal? Understanding motivations and mechanisms for socio-economic inequality reduction in economic narratives of climate change mitigation. Energy Research & Social Science, 107, 103349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103349
View in Google Scholar - Bilgaev, A., Dong, S., Li, F., Cheng, H., Tulohonov, A., Sadykova, E., & Mikheeva, A. (2021). Baikal region (Russia) development prospects based on the green economy principles. Sustainability, 13(1), 157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010157
View in Google Scholar - Borel-Saladin, J. M., & Turok, I. N. (2013). The impact of the green economy on jobs in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 109(9/10), 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0033
View in Google Scholar - Borozan, D. (2022). Revealing the complexity in the environmental Kuznets curve set in a European multivariate framework. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(7), 9165–9184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01817-y
View in Google Scholar - Boubellouta, B., & Kusch-Brandt, S. (2023). Driving factors of e-waste recycling rate in 30 European countries: new evidence using a panel quantile regression of the EKC hypothesis coupled with the STIRPAT model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(8), 7533–7560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02356-w
View in Google Scholar - Bowen, A. (2012). 'Green' growth, 'green' jobs and labor markets. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 5990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5990
View in Google Scholar - Boyd, E., Boykoff, M., & Newell, P. (2011). The “new” carbon economy: What's new? Antipode, 43(3), 601–611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2011.00882.x
View in Google Scholar - Brodny, J., & Tutak, M. (2023). The level of implementing sustainable development goal "Industry, innovation and infrastructure" of Agenda 2030 in the European Union countries: Application of MCDM methods. Oeconomia Copernicana, 14(1), 47–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2023.002
View in Google Scholar - Brundtland Commission (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development. United Nations.
View in Google Scholar - Cătuți, M., Kustova, I., & Egenhofer, C. (2020). Delivering the European green deal for Southeast Europe: Do we need a regional approach?. CEPS Research Report, 2020.
View in Google Scholar - Chaaben, N., Elleuch, Z., Hamdi, B., & Kahouli, B. (2022). Green economy performance and sustainable development achievement: Empirical evidence from Saudi Arabia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(1), 549–564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02722-8
View in Google Scholar - Chan, P. (2024). Cambodian green economy transition: Background, progress, and SWOT analysis. World, 5(2), 413–452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/world5020022
View in Google Scholar - Chanut, J.-M., & Laroque, G. (1979). Point de vue sur les fluctuations macroéconomiques de 1949 à 1975. Économie et statistique, 112, 73–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/estat.1979.4152
View in Google Scholar - Chapple, K., Kroll, C., Lester, T. W., & Montero, S. (2011). Innovation in the green economy: An extension of the regional innovation system model? Economic Development Quarterly, 25(1), 5–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242410386219
View in Google Scholar - Cheba, K., Bąk, I., & Pietrzak, M. B. (2023). Conditions of the green transformation. The case of the European Union. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(2), 438–467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17993
View in Google Scholar - Cheba, K., Bąk, I., Szopik-Depczyńska, K., & Ioppolo, G. (2022). Directions of green transformation of the European Union countries. Ecological Indicators, 136, 108601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108601
View in Google Scholar - Chen, Y., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Kwilinski, A. (2024). Green development of the country: Role of macroeconomic stability. Energy & Environment, 35(5), 2273–2295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X231151679
View in Google Scholar - Chen, Y., Yang, R., Wong, C. W. Y., & Miao, X. (2022). Environmental performance of China’s economic system: Integrative perspective of efficiency and productivity. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(3), 743–774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.16594
View in Google Scholar - Chentouf, M., & Allouch, M. (2022). Environmental energy security in the MENA region–an aggregated composite index. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(9), 10945–10974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01891-2
View in Google Scholar - Couto, E. D. A., Di Gregorio, L. T., & Valle, G. (2023). SITIUS method: A new approach for sustainable urban development indexes based on the ISO 37120 standard. Environment, Development and Sustainability. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03936-0
View in Google Scholar - D'Amato, D., Droste, N., Allen, B., Kettunen, M., Lähtinen, K., Korhonen, J., Leskinen, P., Matthies, B. D., & Toppinen, A. (2017). Green, circular, bio economy: A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 716–734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.053
View in Google Scholar - Daniek, K. (2020). Green economy indicators as a method of monitoring development in the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy, 62, 150–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.2.10
View in Google Scholar - Dobre-Baron, O., & Niţescu, A. (2019). Trade marketing–An innovative concept in logistic cooperation between manufacturers and traders. Calitatea, 20(S1), 451.
View in Google Scholar - Dobre-Baron, O., Nițescu, A., Niță, D., & Mitran, C. (2022). Romania’s perspectives on the transition to the circular economy in an EU context. Sustainability, 14(9), 5324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095324
View in Google Scholar - Dura, C. C., Drigă, I., & Isac, C. (2017). Environmental reporting by oil and gas multinationals from Russia and Romania: A comparative analysis. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 16(6), 1269–1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2017.133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2017.133
View in Google Scholar - Dura, C., & Isac, C. (2009). Using Taguchi methods to improve the production process quality: A case study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 20(11), 1189–1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14783360903247569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360903247569
View in Google Scholar - Erkul, A., & Türköz, K. (2024). Green growth governance and total factor energy efficiency: Economic growth constraint and policy implementation in OECD countries. Renewable Energy, 235, 121278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121278
View in Google Scholar - European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Vigier, P. (2020). Towards fair and prosperous sustainability: Transitions performance index 2020. Publications Office. Retrieved from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/909838.
View in Google Scholar - European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (2021). Key findings and rankings – Transitions performance index 2020. Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/218289.
View in Google Scholar - European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Prevost, S., Benavente, D., Stevenson, A. (2022). Transitions performance index 2021: towards fair and prosperous sustainability Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/09602.
View in Google Scholar - European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Vladimirov, M., Gerganov, A., Petrova, V. (2023a). Developing alternative visions for assessing progress to sustainable development ‘Beyond GDP’: Constructing new measurement indicator sets. Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/888071.
View in Google Scholar - European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (2023b). Transitions Performance Index (TPI). Retrieved from https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/strategy/support-policy-making/support-national-research-and-innovation-policy-making/transitions-performance-index-tpi_en (25.09.2023).
View in Google Scholar - European Commission (2019). The European green deal. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640 (17.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - Eustachio, J. H. P. P., Caldana, A. C. F., Liboni, L. B., & Martinelli, D. P. (2019). Systemic indicator of sustainable development: Proposal and application of a framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241, 118383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118383
View in Google Scholar - Firoiu, D., Ionescu, G. H., Băndoi, A., Florea, N. M., & Jianu, E. (2019). Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG): Implementation of the 2030 agenda in Romania. Sustainability, 11(7), 2156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072156
View in Google Scholar - Firoiu, D., Ionescu, G. H., Pîrvu, R., Bădîrcea, R., & Patrichi, I. C. (2022). Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in Portugal and forecast of key indicators until 2030. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(6), 1649–1683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17645
View in Google Scholar - Georgeson, L., Maslin, M., & Poessinouw, M. (2017). The global green economy: A review of concepts, definitions, measurement methodologies and their interactions. Geo: Geography and Environment, 4(1), e00036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.36
View in Google Scholar - Global Green Growth Institute (2023). Green Growth Index. Country profile. Retrieved from https://ggindex2021.herokuapp.com/SimulationDashBoard/country-profile (25.09.2023).
View in Google Scholar - Hametner, M., & Kostetckaia, M. (2020). Frontrunners and laggards: How fast are the EU member states progressing towards the sustainable development goals? Ecological Economics, 177, 106775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106775
View in Google Scholar - Hatmanu, M., & Cautisanu, C. (2023). Investigating the relationships between economic growth and environmental degradation: Evidence from EU15 countries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(1), 192–216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17874
View in Google Scholar - Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(26), 10570–10575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900943106
View in Google Scholar - Ionescu, R. V., Antohi, V. M., Zlati, M. L., Georgescu, L. P., & Iticescu, C. (2022). To a Green Economy across the European Union. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912427
View in Google Scholar - Jung, Y.-M. (2015). Is South Korea’s green job policy sustainable? Sustainability, 7, 8748–8767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078748
View in Google Scholar - Karanovic, G., & Karanovic, B. (2015). Developing an Aggregate Index for measuring financial stability in the Balkans. Procedia Economics and Finance, 33, 3–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01690-1
View in Google Scholar - Kararach, G., Nhamo, G., Mubila, M., Nhamo, S., Nhemachena, C., & Babu, S. (2018). Refections on the green growth index for developing Countries: A focus of selected African countries. Development Policy Review, 36, 432–454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12265
View in Google Scholar - Kasztelan, A. (2018). Multi-criteria analysis of green competitiveness of the EU countries. In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on European integration 2018. Ostrava: VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava.
View in Google Scholar - Laderchi, C. R., Olivier, A., & Trimble, C. (2013). Balancing act: Cutting energy subsidies while protecting affordability. Washington, DC: World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9789-3
View in Google Scholar - Lee, C.-C., Xing, W., Wu, W., & Lee, C.-C. (2023). Export diversification and the green economy: The key role of economic risk. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(2), 717–740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2023.18532
View in Google Scholar - Li, F., Zhang, J., & Li, X. (2022). Research on supporting developing countries to achieve green development transition: Based on the perspective of renewable energy and foreign direct investment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 372, 133726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133726
View in Google Scholar - Liu, Y., & Dong, F. (2021). How technological innovation impacts urban green economy efficiency in emerging economies: A case study of 278 Chinese cities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 169, 105534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105534
View in Google Scholar - Lu, C. C., Chiu, Y. H., Lin, I. F., & Lin, T. Y. (2023). Dynamic total factors’ environmental efficiency in European union countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(9), 10055–10072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02476-3
View in Google Scholar - Mackiewicz, M., & Kuberska, D. (2024). Unleashing the power of clustering: A qualitative study of cluster organizations’ role in advancing green transformation. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 34(5), 916–934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-03-2023-0069
View in Google Scholar - Manisha, K., & Singh, I. (2024). Investigating green economy studies using a bibliometric analysis. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02237-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02237-9
View in Google Scholar - Mealy, P., & Teytelboym, A. (2022). Economic complexity and the green economy. Research Policy, 51(8), 103948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103948
View in Google Scholar - Merino-Saum, A., Clement, J., Wyss, R., & Baldi, M. (2020). Unpacking the green economy concept: A quantitative analysis of 140 definitions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118339
View in Google Scholar - Moraru, R. I., Păun, A. P., Dura, C. C., Dinulescu, R., & Potcovaru, A. M. (2020). Analysis of the drivers of occupational health and safety performance disclosures by Romanian companies. Economic Computation & Economic Cybernetics Studies & Research, 54(3), 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/18423264/54.3.20.12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24818/18423264/54.3.20.12
View in Google Scholar - Nahman, A., Mahumani, B. K., & de Lange W. J. (2016). Beyond GDP: Towards a Green Economy Index. Development Southern Africa, 33(2), 215–233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2015.1120649
View in Google Scholar - National Institute of Statistics (2023). Tempo online. Retrieved from http://statistici.insse.ro:8077/tempo-online/#/pages/tables/insse-table (10.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - Neagu, F. Ș., Bălan, L. L., Ignat, I., & Tache, M. (2024). The green economy in the context of sustainable development. Study case: European Union. In Proceedings of the international conference on business excellence Vol. 18, No. 1. (pp. 2398–2950). Sciendo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2024-0243
View in Google Scholar - Nilsson, A. E., & Larsen, J. N. (2020). Making regional sense of global sustainable development indicators for the Arctic. Sustainability, 12, 1027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031027
View in Google Scholar - OECD (2011). Towards green growth: monitoring progress: OECD indicators, OECD Green Growth Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264111356-en
View in Google Scholar - OECD (2013). Putting green growth at the heart of development - summary for policymakers. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/putting-green-growth-at-the-heart-of-development-9789264181144-en.htm (13.07.2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264181144-en
View in Google Scholar - OECD (2014). Green growth indicators 2014, OECD green growth studies. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264202030-en
View in Google Scholar - OECD/European Union/EC-JRC. (2008). Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide. Paris: OECD Publishing,
View in Google Scholar - PAGE (2017a). The green economy progress measurement framework – methodology. Retrieved from https://www.un-page.org/static/36c6bd8044635327re6e568b7709757b0/2017-the-green-economy-progress-gep-methodology.pdf (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - PAGE (2017b). The green economy progress measurement framework – application. Retrieved from https://www.un-page.org/static/ce7a67f3fe3aef0fbc282351c8b8a414/2017-green-economy-progress-measurement-framework-ap plication.pdf (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - Pearce, D., Markandya, A., & Barbier, B.E. (1989). Blueprint for a green economy. London: Earthscan Publications Limited
View in Google Scholar - Peng, M., & Fan, J. (2021). Statistical evaluation of green economic development based on rough set calculation method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1994(1), 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1994/1/012042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1994/1/012042
View in Google Scholar - Pociovălișteanu, D., Novo-Corti, I., Aceleanu, M., Șerban, A., & Grecu, E. (2015). Employment policies for a green economy at the European Union level. Sustainability, 7(7), 9231–9250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7079231
View in Google Scholar - Popescu, G., Davidescu, A., & Huidumac, C. (2018). Researching the main causes of the Romanian shadow economy at the micro and macro levels: Implications for sustainable development. Sustainability, 10(10), 3518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103518
View in Google Scholar - Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Bartalucci, F. (2024). The green transition and its potential territorial discontents. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2), 339–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad039
View in Google Scholar - Rybalkin, O. (2022). Sustainable development goals progress in the European Union: Correlation with EEPSE green economy index. Access to Science, Business, Innovation in Digital Economy, 3(2), 121–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46656/access.2022.3.2(3)
View in Google Scholar - Rybalkin, O., Lavrinenko, O., Ignatjeva, S., & Danileviča, A. (2021). Introduction of EEPSE green economy index for the analysis of regional trends. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 9(1), 415–435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2021.9.1(26)
View in Google Scholar - Sarkodie, S. A., Owusu, P. A., & Taden, J. (2023). Comprehensive green growth indicators across countries and territories. Scientific Data, 10(1), 413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02319-4
View in Google Scholar - Sarkodie, S. A., Owusu, P. A., & Taden, J. (2024). Green growth assessment across 203 economies: Trends and insights, Sustainable Horizons, 10, 100083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2023.100083
View in Google Scholar - Săveanu, T. G., Abrudan, M.-M., Giurgiu, A., Meșter, L. E., Bugnar, N. (2014). Measuring corporate social responsibility practices of micro and small enterprises - pilot study. In Proceedings of the 8th international management conference: Management challanges for sustainable development (pp. 826–836). Bucharest: Academy of Economic Studies,
View in Google Scholar - Săveanu, T., Abrudan, M.-M., Săveanu, S., & Matei, M. (2019). Predictors of social responsibility actions of SMEs in Romania. Journal of East European Management Studies (JEEMS) - Special Issue, 120–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845298696-120
View in Google Scholar - Shao, H., Peng, Q., Zhou, F., & Wider, W. (2024). Environmental regulation, industrial transformation, and green economy development. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, 1442072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1442072
View in Google Scholar - Sharpe, S. A., & Martinez-Fernandez, C. M. (2021). The implications of green employment: Making a just transition in ASEAN. Sustainability, 13, 7389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137389
View in Google Scholar - Sirbu, R. M., Popescu, A. D., Borca, C., & Draghici, A. (2015). A study on Romania sustainable development. Procedia Technol, 19, 416–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.059
View in Google Scholar - Šneiderienė, A., Viederytė, R., & Abele, L. (2020). Green growth assessment discourse on evaluation indices in the European Union. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(2), 360–369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.2(21)
View in Google Scholar - Stanković, S., Ilić, B., & Rabrenović, M. (2024). Using the composite EEPSE green economy index to assess the progress of emerging economies in achieving the sustainable development goals. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 19(1), 78–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35784/preko.5751
View in Google Scholar - Sulich, A., & Zema, T. (2018). Green jobs, a new measure of public management and sustainable development. European Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8, 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2018.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2018.10
View in Google Scholar - Sun, Y. (2024). Digital transformation and corporates' green technology innovation performance – The mediating role of knowledge sharing. Finance Research Letters, 62, 105105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105105
View in Google Scholar - Tao, X., Wang, P., & Zhu, B. (2016). Provincial green economic efficiency of China: A non-separable input– output SBM approach. Applied Energy 171(C), 58–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.133
View in Google Scholar - Tutak, M., & Brodny, J. (2022). Analysis of the level of energy security in the three seas initiative countries. Applied Energy 311, 118649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118649
View in Google Scholar - UNECE (2012). Environmental performance reviews. Romania. Second Review, Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 37. Retrieved from https://unece.org/DAM/env/epr/epr_studies/Romania_II.pdf (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNECE (2021). Environmental performance reviews. Romania. Third Review, Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 53. Retrieved from https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/ECE_CEP_189_0.pdf (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNEP (2008). SCP indicators for developing countries: a guidance framework. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/26489 (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNEP (2009a). Global green new deal - policy brief March 2009. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-green-new-deal-policy-brief-march-2009 (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNEP (2009b). Marine litter: A global challenge. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7787 (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNEP (2009c). Rethinking the economic recovery: a global green new deal. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7727 (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNEP (2011). Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication - a synthesis for policy makers. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/126GER_synthesis_en.pdf (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - UNEP (2014). Using indicators for green economy policymaking. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/using-indicators-green-economy-policymaking (13.07.2023).
View in Google Scholar - Vukovic, N., Pobedinsky, V., Mityagin, S., Drozhzhin, A., & Mingaleva, Z. (2019). A study on green economy indicators and modeling: Russian context. Sustainability, 11(17), 4629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174629
View in Google Scholar - Wang, Z., Wang, X., & Liang, L. (2019). Green economic efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta: Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors. Ecosystem Health & Sustainability, 5(1), 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2018.1559000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2018.1559000
View in Google Scholar - Witulski, N., & Dias, J. G. (2020). The sustainable society index: Its reliability and validity. Ecological Indicators, 114, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106190
View in Google Scholar - Wolde-Rufael, Y., & Mulat-Weldemeskel, E. (2023). Effectiveness of environmental taxes and environmental stringent policies on CO2 emissions: The European experience. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(6), 5211–5239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02262-1
View in Google Scholar - World Bank (2012). Inclusive green growth: The pathway to sustainable development. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6058 (13.07.2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9551-6
View in Google Scholar - Yuan, H., Feng, Y., Lee, C.-C., & Cen, Y. (2020). How does manufacturing agglomeration affect green economic efficiency?. Energy Economics, 92, 104944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104944
View in Google Scholar - Zeng, Q., Li, C., & Magazzino, C. (2024). Impact of green energy production for sustainable economic growth and green economic recovery. Heliyon, 10(17), e36643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36643
View in Google Scholar - Zhao, J., Shahbaz, M., & Dong, K. (2022). How does energy poverty eradication promote green growth in China? The role of technological innovation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121384
View in Google Scholar - Zhiguang, Z. (2022). Evolution paths of green economy modes and their trend of hypercycle economy. Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment, 20(1), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjpre.2022.03.001
View in Google Scholar - Zhuo, C., Luo, K., Song, Y., Dai, L., & Liu, Y. (2024). Regional coordinated development and green transformation: Evidence from major national strategic zones. Economic Analysis and Policy, 81, 1290–1307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2024.02.019
View in Google Scholar